Journal of Islamic Thought, Research and Practice

The Ottoman Empire: Its Origins and Development

2026-09-29T13:19:30+00:00

This article examines the history of the Ottoman Empire, one of the largest and longest-lasting empires in the history of Islamic civilization and the world. Lasting for more than six centuries (c. 1299–1922), the Ottoman Empire left a profound impact on the political, social, and cultural landscapes of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. This study traces the empire's origins from a small beylik (principality) in northwestern Anatolia under the leadership of Ertuğrul Ghazi and Osman I, to its peak in the 16th century under Süleyman the Magnificent. The discussion covers the governmental, military, economic, legal, and socio-cultural dynamics that shaped the Ottoman power structure. Using library research methods and a historical-descriptive approach, this paper reveals the factors that contributed to the empire's progress and its decline. A critical analysis suggests that the dominant narrative of "decline" needs to be revised in light of more nuanced recent historiography. The Ottoman Empire was not simply the "antithesis" of Western civilization, but rather a hybrid entity that combined Turco-Mongol, Islamic, and Romano-Byzantine legacies—a complex and adaptive imperial model. Its relevance for the contemporary Islamic world lies in its lessons on managing diversity, institutional reform, and balancing tradition and modernity.

Theological Conflict between Qadariyah and Jabariyah: A Critical Study in the Tradition of Classical Kalam Science

2026-10-20T09:40:57+00:00

This study critically examines the theological debate between the Qadariyah and Jabariyah schools within the classical tradition of Islamic theology (Ilmu Kalam), focusing on the crucial issue of human free will and divine predestination, which has long been a central discourse in shaping Islamic thought. Using a qualitative literature research approach, the study rigorously analyzes classical kalam texts as well as the interpretations of contemporary scholars associated with both theological schools to uncover the roots and implications of their doctrinal differences. The findings indicate that the Qadariyah emphasize human autonomy and moral responsibility, asserting that humans are the creators of their own actions, while the Jabariyah emphasize absolute divine determinism, viewing human actions as being completely controlled by God's will without any effective human agency. This theological tension not only influenced doctrinal developments in early Islam but also contributed to broader intellectual, ethical, and socio-religious implications that continue to resonate in modern Islamic civilization. The study concludes that understanding this classical dichotomy is crucial for placing modern theological discourses on predestination and responsibility in their proper context.

The Relevance Of The Concept Of Mahdiism (Imam Mahdi) In Shi‘I Eschatology And Its Influence On Social Hope

2026-10-20T09:34:17+00:00

Discourse on Mahdiism in Twelver Shi‘i theology is often confined to an exclusively eschatological narrative about the speculative end times. This study aims to examine the theological construction of the occultation of Imam Mahdi and analyze its impact on social hope and the behavior of adherents today. Using a descriptive-analytical qualitative research method and an interdisciplinary theological-sociological approach, this article explores classical and contemporary literature related to the concepts of Ghaibah (Occultation) and Intizar (Expectation). The findings indicate that the doctrine of Mahdiism is not merely an escapist dogma, but a transformative philosophy of history. The principal finding emphasizes that Intizar (waiting) has shifted from passive, fatalistic waiting toward “active expectation,” which serves as a driving force for moral improvement and social activism. In the context of Muslim communities in Indonesia, this belief is manifested in community resilience and the strengthening of educational institutions as a means of intellectual preparation. The study concludes that Mahdiism provides a framework of cosmological optimism capable of mitigating modern nihilism through a vision of measurable universal justice.Discourse on Mahdiism in Twelver Shi‘i theology is often confined to an exclusively eschatological narrative about the speculative end times. This study aims to examine the theological construction of the occultation of Imam Mahdi and analyze its impact on social hope and the behavior of adherents today. Using a descriptive-analytical qualitative research method and an interdisciplinary theological-sociological approach, this article explores classical and contemporary literature related to the concepts of Ghaibah (Occultation) and Intizar (Expectation). The findings indicate that the doctrine of Mahdiism is not merely an escapist dogma, but a transformative philosophy of history. The principal finding emphasizes that Intizar (waiting) has shifted from passive, fatalistic waiting toward “active expectation,” which serves as a driving force for moral improvement and social activism. In the context of Muslim communities in Indonesia, this belief is manifested in community resilience and the strengthening of educational institutions as a means of intellectual preparation. The study concludes that Mahdiism provides a framework of cosmological optimism capable of mitigating modern nihilism through a vision of measurable universal justice.

Nepotism and Rebellion in the Era of Usman bin Affan: A Historical Analysis of the Dynamics of Politics, Administration, and the Factors Causing the Leadership Crisis

2026-09-28T14:19:21+00:00

The reign of Usman ibn Affan (644–656 CE) was a crucial period in the history of the Rashidun Caliphate, marked by accusations of nepotism and rebellion. This study aims to analyze the political and administrative dynamics of Usman's government and the factors causing his leadership crisis. This study uses a qualitative historical method with a critical historiographical approach through the study of classical sources and contemporary historical literature. The results show that the appointment of a number of relatives to government positions triggered political dissatisfaction, which was also influenced by economic factors, ethnicity, and weak political communication. This study concludes that Usman's leadership crisis was not solely caused by nepotism, but also by the complexity of governance and conflicts of interest. This study provides lessons on the importance of meritocracy, transparency, accountability, and conflict management in leadership.

The Basic Concept of Morality in Sufism

2026-10-12T14:33:25+00:00

In the midst of the moral and spiritual crisis that has gripped modern society, re-understanding Islamic ethical values is crucial. Sufism, often understood as mere ritualistic and ascetic practices, actually has a core teaching that focuses on purifying the soul and perfecting human behavior. Objective: This study aims to outline the basic concept of morality from the perspective of Sufi teachings, as well as to explain the close relationship between Sufi spirituality and the formation of noble character. Method: This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data were collected from various primary and secondary literature that discuss the thoughts of Sufi figures and ethical theories in Islam, then analyzed using descriptive-analytical methods. Results: The results of the study indicate that morality and Sufism are two inseparable entities; Sufism is the method, while noble morality is the goal. The concept of moral formation in Sufism is carried out through three main stages, namely Takhalli (emptying oneself of blameworthy traits), Tahalli (adorning oneself with praiseworthy traits), and Tajalli (radiating divine light in behavior). Through this process, Sufism plays a vital role in producing Insan Kamil (perfect humans) who have a balance between ritual piety and social piety.